Reference

References

The peer-reviewed papers and standard texts behind the claims made throughout this atlas. Citation numbers in the text refer to this list.

  1. Borg E (1973). On the neuronal organization of the acoustic middle ear reflex. A physiological and anatomical study. Brain Research, 49(1), 101–123.
    Foundational mapping of the acoustic reflex arc in the rabbit; basis for much of the modern understanding of crossed and uncrossed pathways.
  2. Møller AR (1962). Acoustic reflex in man. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 34(9), 1524–1534.
    Early quantitative description of the human acoustic reflex, its threshold, latency and dynamics.
  3. Jerger S, Jerger J (1977). Diagnostic value of crossed versus uncrossed acoustic reflexes: Eighth nerve and brainstem disorders. Archives of Otolaryngology, 103(8), 445–453.
    Established the differential value of comparing crossed and uncrossed reflex patterns in localising eighth-nerve and brainstem lesions.
  4. Jerger J, Jerger S, Hall JW (1979). A new acoustic reflex pattern. Archives of Otolaryngology, 105(1), 24–28.
    Described the diagonal reflex pattern characteristic of intra-axial brainstem pathology.
  5. Silman S, Gelfand SA (1981). The relationship between magnitude of hearing loss and acoustic reflex threshold levels. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46(3), 312–316.
    Quantified how cochlear hearing loss shifts and ultimately abolishes the reflex; underpins the Metz recruitment concept.
  6. Gelfand SA, Schwander T, Silman S (1990). Acoustic reflex thresholds in normal and cochlear-impaired ears: Effects of no-response rates on 90th percentiles in a large sample. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55(2), 198–205.
    Large-sample normative ART data widely used for the 90th-percentile reference values.
  7. Anderson H, Barr B, Wedenberg E (1970). Early diagnosis of eighth-nerve tumours by acoustic reflex tests. Acta Oto-Laryngologica, Suppl. 263, 232–237.
    Introduced acoustic reflex decay as a screening test for eighth-nerve tumours.
  8. Hall JW (2014). Introduction to Audiology Today. Pearson, Boston.
    Standard textbook treatment of immittance audiometry, including reflex test protocols and interpretation.
  9. Katz J (Ed.) (2015). Handbook of Clinical Audiology (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia.
    Comprehensive reference for acoustic immittance, including reflex threshold norms and pattern interpretation.
  10. Wilson RH, Margolis RH (1984). Acoustic-reflex measurements. In: Hearing Assessment (Rintelmann WF, Ed.), University Park Press.
    Detailed methodological account of reflex threshold and decay measurement.
  11. Musiek FE, Baran JA (2007). The Auditory System: Anatomy, Physiology and Clinical Correlates. Pearson, Allyn & Bacon, Boston.
    Anatomical and physiological reference for the central auditory pathways involved in the reflex arc.
  12. Starr A, Picton TW, Sininger Y, Hood LJ, Berlin CI (1996). Auditory neuropathy. Brain, 119(3), 741–753.
    Defined auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, in which acoustic reflexes are characteristically absent despite present otoacoustic emissions.
  13. Feeney MP, Keefe DH, Marryott LP (2003). Contralateral acoustic reflex thresholds for tonal activators using wideband energy reflectance and admittance. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(1), 128–136.
    Wideband approaches to reflex measurement and their sensitivity advantages.
  14. Metz O (1952). Threshold of reflex contractions of muscles of middle ear and recruitment of loudness. Archives of Otolaryngology, 55(5), 536–543.
    Original description of the reduced sensation level of the reflex in recruiting cochlear ears (the Metz test).
  15. Hannley M, Jerger JF, Rivera VM (1983). Relationships among auditory brainstem responses, masking level differences and the acoustic reflex in multiple sclerosis. Audiology, 22(1), 20–33.
    Acoustic reflex abnormalities — including absent crossed responses and abnormal decay — in demyelinating brainstem disease.
  16. Fowler CG, Wilson RH (1985). Adaptation of the acoustic reflex. Ear and Hearing, 6(5), 263–268.
    Reflex adaptation and decay behaviour, and the frequency dependence that restricts decay testing to 500 and 1000 Hz.
  17. Gelfand SA (2009). Essentials of Audiology. Thieme, 3rd edition.
    Standard text covering immittance audiometry, the acoustic reflex in middle-ear disease, and the cross-check principle in non-organic hearing loss.
  18. Henry DF, DiBartolomeo JR (1993). Patulous Eustachian tube identification using tympanometry. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 4(1), 53–57.
    Breathing-synchronous fluctuations in tympanometric admittance as the characteristic sign of a patulous Eustachian tube.
  19. Blevins NH, Karmody CS (2003). Chronic myringitis: prevalence, presentation, and natural history. Otology & Neurotology, 24(1), 3–10.
    Background on chronic middle-ear and tympanic pathology relevant to immittance interpretation.
  20. Warren RL, Gutmann L, Cody RC, Flowers P, Segal AT (1977). Stapedius reflex decay in myasthenia gravis. Archives of Neurology, 34(8), 496–497.
    Demonstration of fatigable acoustic reflex decay in myasthenia gravis, reflecting neuromuscular-junction failure.
  21. Baguley DM (2003). Hyperacusis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96(12), 582–585.
    Review of hyperacusis, loudness tolerance and the role of the acoustic reflex in loudness regulation.
  22. Mangham CA, Carberry PH, Brackmann DE (1980). Management of intratemporal vascular tumors and the acoustic reflex in facial nerve disorders. Laryngoscope, 90(11), 1813–1819.
    Use of serial acoustic reflex testing to localise and monitor facial nerve lesions, including recovery in Bell's palsy.
A note on sourcing. Where a finding is long-established in audiology, this atlas cites the original describing work alongside standard reference texts. Clinical thresholds and criteria are conventional teaching values; individual laboratories and equipment may differ, and local normative data should always take precedence.