Reference

References & Acknowledgements

Every clinical claim in a module is traceable to a source listed here. Inline [n] markers link to the matching entry.

Source list

  1. Galambos R, Makeig S, Talmachoff PJ (1981). A 40-Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 78(4), 2643–2647. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.4.2643
    Original description of the 40-Hz auditory potential.
  2. Stapells DR, Linden D, Suffield JB, Hamel G, Picton TW (1984). Human auditory steady-state potentials. Ear and Hearing, 5(2), 105–113. doi:10.1097/00003446-198403000-00009
  3. Picton TW, John MS, Dimitrijevic A, Purcell D (2003). Human auditory steady-state responses. International Journal of Audiology, 42(4), 177–219. doi:10.3109/14992020309101316
    Comprehensive review; basis for the 40 Hz vs 80–90 Hz framework.
  4. Rance G, Rickards FW, Cohen LT, De Vidi S, Clark GM (1995). The automated prediction of hearing thresholds in sleeping subjects using auditory steady-state evoked potentials. Ear and Hearing, 16(5), 499–507. doi:10.1097/00003446-199510000-00006
  5. Cone-Wesson B, Dowell RC, Tomlin D, Rance G, Ming WJ (2002). The auditory steady-state response: comparisons with the auditory brainstem response. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 13(4), 173–187. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715962
  6. Mühler R, Mentzel K, Verhey J (2012). Fast hearing-threshold estimation using multiple auditory steady-state responses with narrow-band chirps and adaptive stimulus patterns. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 192178. doi:10.1100/2012/192178
    Multiple-frequency ASSR at 500/1000/2000/4000 Hz; reported ASSR–behavioural differences.
  7. Systematic review (Systematic Reviews, BMC) (2025). The relationship between auditory steady-state response and behavioural audiometry in hearing estimation for infants: a meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews, 14, article 03003-x. doi:10.1186/s13643-025-03003-x
    Meta-analysis of ASSR–behavioural threshold differences in infants under 2 years.
  8. British Society of Audiology (2023). Practice Guidance: Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) Testing. British Society of Audiology, OD104-115.
    Clinical practice guidance, including ASSR limitations in auditory neuropathy.
  9. StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023). Auditory Steady-State Response. StatPearls Publishing, NBK597346. link
    Tertiary reference; useful overview, corroborated against primary sources here.
  10. Herdman AT, Picton TW, Stapells DR (2002). Place specificity of multiple auditory steady-state responses. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(4), 1569–1582. doi:10.1121/1.1506367
    Derived-band study; multiple ASSR carriers are place-specific in the cochlea.
  11. Ross B, Herdman AT, Pantev C (2003). Frequency specificity of 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses. Hearing Research, 186(1–2), 57–68. doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(03)00299-5
    MEG study; ASSR amplitude falls with rising carrier frequency.
  12. Kuwada S, Anderson JS, Batra R, Fitzpatrick DC, Teissier N, D'Angelo WR (2002). Sources of the scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 13(4), 188–204. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1715961
    Generator sources of the amplitude-modulation following response.
  13. John MS, Dimitrijevic A, Picton TW (2002). Auditory steady-state responses to exponential modulation envelopes. Ear and Hearing, 23(2), 106–117. doi:10.1097/00003446-200204000-00004
    Exponential amplitude modulation and mixed modulation increase response amplitude.
  14. Luts H, Wouters J (2005). Comparison of MASTER and AUDERA for measurement of auditory steady-state responses. International Journal of Audiology, 44(4), 244–253. doi:10.1080/14992020500057848
    Compares F-test (multiple-frequency) and phase-coherence (single-frequency) systems.
  15. Van Maanen A, Stapells DR (2010). Multiple-ASSR thresholds: stopping criteria for the multiple auditory steady-state response technique. Clinical Neurophysiology, 121(7), 1141–1148. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.02.158
    Clinically efficient a priori stopping rules for the multiple 80-Hz ASSR.
  16. Hall JW (The Hearing Review) (2023). Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR): A Beginner's Guide. The Hearing Review. link
    Secondary/educational source used for instrumentation and montage detail; cross-checked against primary literature.
  17. Rance G, Tomlin D, Rickards FW (2006). Comparison of auditory steady-state responses and tone-burst auditory brainstem responses in normal babies. Ear and Hearing, 27(6), 751–762. doi:10.1097/01.aud.0000240475.92932.06
    ASSR threshold estimation and regression-based prediction in infants.
  18. Van Maanen A, Stapells DR (2009). Normal multiple auditory steady-state response thresholds to air-conducted stimuli in infants. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 20(3), 196–207. doi:10.3766/jaaa.20.3.6
    Proposed normal ASSR threshold values across carrier frequencies.
  19. Korczak P, Smart J, Delgado R, Strobel TM, Bradford C (2012). Auditory steady-state responses. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 23(3), 146–170. doi:10.3766/jaaa.23.3.3
    Tutorial review of ASSR stimulus, recording, and threshold prediction.
  20. Hsu CC, Cheng YJ, Young YH (2003). Comparison of steady-state evoked potentials and pure-tone audiometry in patients with noise-induced hearing loss. Reported in occupational-audiology reviews; SSEP–PTA comparison study.
    SSEP overestimated pure-tone thresholds by ~10–20 dB but tracked audiogram configuration in NIHL.
  21. Scientific Reports (Nature) (2020). An integrative approach for pediatric auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders: revisiting etiologies and the prognostic utility of the auditory steady-state response. Scientific Reports, 10, article 66877-y. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66877-y
    ASSR as an objective threshold estimate in paediatric ANSD.
  22. StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023). Audiogram Interpretation. StatPearls Publishing, NBK578179. link
    Tertiary reference for audiogram patterns of conductive, sensorineural, and mixed loss.
  23. Picton TW, Dimitrijevic A, Perez-Abalo MC, Van Roon P (2005). Estimating audiometric thresholds using auditory steady-state responses. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 16(3), 140–156. doi:10.3766/jaaa.16.3.3
    Threshold estimation methods, recording variables, and artifact considerations.
  24. Small SA, Stapells DR (2004). Artifactual responses when recording auditory steady-state responses. Ear and Hearing, 25(6), 611–623. doi:10.1097/00003446-200412000-00009
    High-intensity stimuli can produce spurious ASSRs, especially at 500 and 1000 Hz; alternating polarity removes many of them.
  25. Comparative study (Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngology) (2015). Are auditory steady-state responses useful to evaluate severe-to-profound hearing loss in children?. International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 19(4), 357–363. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556849
    ASSR detects residual hearing in cochlear-implant candidates; no spurious responses at 100–110 dB HL in this cohort.

A note on source quality

Primary research articles and society practice guidance are used wherever possible. Tertiary sources (such as StatPearls) are included only as overviews and were cross-checked against the primary literature before any claim relying on them was written.

Acknowledgements

Concept and design by Dr Prahlada N.B. The original authors of every cited work above are credited as the source of the clinical content they reported.