References & Acknowledgements

Practical Audiology for Otorhinolaryngologists synthesises its content from peer-reviewed journals, recognised textbooks and the relevant measurement standards. Every inline citation marker links to its entry below; the number matches the marker.

Reference list

  1. Carhart R (1957). Clinical determination of abnormal auditory adaptation. AMA Archives of Otolaryngology, 65(1):32–39.
  2. Clark JG (1981). Uses and abuses of hearing loss classification. ASHA, 23(7):493–500.
  3. Jerger J, Shedd JL, Harford E (1959). On the detection of extremely small changes in sound intensity. AMA Archives of Otolaryngology, 69(2):200–211.
  4. Katz J, Lezynski J (2015). Clinical masking. Handbook of Clinical Audiology (Katz J, ed.), 7th ed., Wolters Kluwer.
  5. Rosenberg PE (1958). Rapid clinical measurement of tone decay. Presented at the American Speech and Hearing Association Convention.
  6. Pelosi S, Carlson ML, et al. (2023). Audiology pure tone evaluation. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf NBK580531.View source
  7. StatPearls contributors (2022). Audiology clinical masking. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf NBK580541.View source
  8. Buus S, Florentine M, Redden RB (1982). The SISI test: a review. Audiology, 21(4):273–293 & 21(5):365–385.
  9. Carhart R, Jerger JF (1959). Preferred method for clinical determination of pure-tone thresholds. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 24(4):330–345.
  10. Hughson W, Westlake H (1944). Manual for program outline for rehabilitation of aural casualties both military and civilian. Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, 48(Suppl):1–15.
  11. International Organization for Standardization (2010). ISO 8253-1: Acoustics — Audiometric test methods — Part 1: Pure-tone air and bone conduction audiometry. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
  12. American National Standards Institute / Acoustical Society of America (2004). ANSI/ASA S3.21: Methods for manual pure-tone threshold audiometry. Acoustical Society of America (reaffirmed 2019).
  13. Lopez-Escamez JA, Carey J, Chung WH, et al. (Bárány Society Classification Committee) (2015). Diagnostic criteria for Menière's disease. Journal of Vestibular Research, 25(1):1–7.View source
  14. Carhart R (1950). Clinical application of bone conduction audiometry. Archives of Otolaryngology, 51(6):798–808.
  15. Koenen L, Andaloro C (2023). Meniere disease. StatPearls, NCBI Bookshelf NBK536955.View source
  16. Lanska DJ (2026). Noise-induced hearing loss. MedLink Neurology.View source

Acknowledgements

The atlas is indebted to the authors of the works listed above, whose research and teaching underpin every chapter. Credit for the original observations, classifications and test procedures described here belongs to those authors; this atlas only arranges that knowledge for teaching.

Concept and design: Dr Prahlada N.B. Karnataka ENT Hospital and Research Centre (R); Champions Educational and Medical Society (R); Amogh Foundation, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India.

Corrections and suggestions are welcome at prahladnb@kenthospitals.com.

A note on sources

Where a source could not be verified, the claim it would have supported has been omitted rather than attributed speculatively. Standards and guidelines are cited by their designation; readers needing the authoritative text should consult the standard itself, as wording and thresholds are periodically revised.