Reference

References & Acknowledgements

Every clinical claim in a module is traceable to a source listed here. Inline [n] markers link to the matching entry.

Source list

  1. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (2019). Year 2019 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention, 4(2), 1–44. doi:10.15142/fptk-b748
    The current 1-3-6 (and aspirational 1-2-3) benchmarks and risk-factor registry.
  2. Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (2007). Year 2007 position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics, 120(4), 898–921. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2333
  3. Northern JL, Downs MP (2014). Hearing in Children (6th ed.). Plural Publishing, San Diego.
  4. Madell JR, Flexer C, Wolfe J, Schafer EC (eds.) (2019). Pediatric Audiology: Diagnosis, Technology, and Management (3rd ed.). Thieme, New York.
  5. Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Coulter DK, Mehl AL (1998). Language of early- and later-identified children with hearing loss. Pediatrics, 102(5), 1161–1171. doi:10.1542/peds.102.5.1161
    Identification and intervention before ~6 months is associated with better language outcomes.
  6. Norton SJ, Gorga MP, Widen JE, et al. (2000). Identification of neonatal hearing impairment: evaluation of transient evoked otoacoustic emission, distortion product otoacoustic emission, and auditory brainstem response test performance. Ear and Hearing, 21(5), 508–528. doi:10.1097/00003446-200010000-00013
  7. Gravel JS (2000). Audiologic assessment for the fitting of hearing instruments: big challenges from tiny ears. In: A Sound Foundation Through Early Amplification. Phonak AG.
  8. Widen JE, Folsom RC, Cone-Wesson B, et al. (2000). Identification of neonatal hearing impairment: hearing status at 8 to 12 months corrected age using a visual reinforcement audiometry protocol. Ear and Hearing, 21(5), 471–487. doi:10.1097/00003446-200010000-00011
  9. British Society of Audiology (2014). Recommended Procedure: Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (0.5 to 3.0 years). British Society of Audiology, Reading.
  10. British Society of Audiology (2018). Recommended Procedure: Pure-Tone Air-Conduction and Bone-Conduction Threshold Audiometry with and without Masking (incl. play-conditioned techniques). British Society of Audiology, Reading.
  11. Kei J, Allison-Levick J, Dockray J, et al. (2003). High-frequency (1000 Hz) tympanometry in normal neonates. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 14(1), 20–28.
  12. British Society of Audiology (2013). Recommended Procedure: Tympanometry. British Society of Audiology, Reading.
    Recommends a 1000 Hz probe tone for infants under ~6 months.
  13. Rance G (2005). Auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony and its perceptual consequences. Trends in Amplification, 9(1), 1–43. doi:10.1177/108471380500900102
  14. British Society of Audiology (2019). Practice Guidance: Assessment and Management of Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD) in Young Infants. British Society of Audiology, Reading.
  15. Stapells DR (2000). Threshold estimation by the tone-evoked auditory brainstem response: a literature meta-analysis. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 24(2), 74–83.
  16. Sininger YS, Abdala C, Cone-Wesson B (1997). Auditory threshold sensitivity of the human neonate as measured by the auditory brainstem response. Hearing Research, 104(1–2), 27–38. doi:10.1016/S0378-5955(96)00178-5
  17. Rance G, Rickards FW, Cohen LT, De Vidi S, Clark GM (1995). The automated prediction of hearing thresholds in sleeping subjects using auditory steady-state evoked potentials. Ear and Hearing, 16(5), 499–507. doi:10.1097/00003446-199510000-00006
  18. Kral A, O'Donoghue GM (2010). Profound deafness in childhood. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(15), 1438–1450. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0911225
  19. Niparko JK, Tobey EA, Thal DJ, et al. (CDaCI Investigative Team) (2010). Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. JAMA, 303(15), 1498–1506. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.451
  20. Ching TYC, Dillon H, Leigh G, Cupples L (2018). Learning from the Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment (LOCHI) study: summary of 5-year findings and implications. International Journal of Audiology, 57(sup2), S105–S111. doi:10.1080/14992027.2017.1385865
  21. Dettman SJ, Dowell RC, Choo D, et al. (2016). Long-term communication outcomes for children receiving cochlear implants younger than 12 months: a multicenter study. Otology & Neurotology, 37(2), e82–e95. doi:10.1097/MAO.0000000000000915
  22. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019). Cochlear implants for children and adults with severe to profound deafness (Technology appraisal guidance TA566). NICE, London. link
  23. Cunningham M, Cox EO; American Academy of Pediatrics (2003). Hearing assessment in infants and children: recommendations beyond neonatal screening. Pediatrics, 111(2), 436–440. doi:10.1542/peds.111.2.436

A note on source quality

Primary research, society position statements and recommended procedures (JCIH, BSA, NICE) are used wherever possible, alongside standard paediatric-audiology texts. Identifiers are given where confirmed.

Acknowledgements

Concept and design by Dr Prahlada N.B. The original authors of every cited work above are credited as the source of the clinical content they reported.