References & Acknowledgements

The content of this atlas is synthesised from the peer-reviewed literature and standard audiology texts below. Full credit is given to the original authors; this resource paraphrases and does not reproduce their text.

  1. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1988). Tympanometry (Relevant Paper). ASHA Working Group on Aural Acoustic-Immittance Measurements. Link
  2. Borg E (1973). On the neuronal organization of the acoustic middle ear reflex: A physiological and anatomical study. Brain Research, 49(1), 101–123.
  3. British Society of Audiology (2013). Recommended Procedure: Tympanometry. British Society of Audiology.
  4. Carhart R (1950). Clinical application of bone conduction audiometry. Archives of Otolaryngology, 51(6), 798–808.
  5. Fowler CG, Shanks JE (2002). Tympanometry. Handbook of Clinical Audiology (5th ed.), J. Katz (Ed.), pp. 175–204. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  6. Hunter LL, Sanford CA (2013). Tympanometry and wideband acoustic immittance. Handbook of Clinical Audiology (7th ed.), J. Katz (Ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
  7. Hunter LL, Shahnaz N (2013). Acoustic Immittance Measures: Basic and Advanced Practice. Plural Publishing.
  8. Jerger J (1970). Clinical experience with impedance audiometry. Archives of Otolaryngology, 92(4), 311–324. Link
  9. Karuppannan A, Barman A (2021). Wideband absorbance pattern in adults with otosclerosis and ossicular chain discontinuity. Auris Nasus Larynx, 48(4), 583–589.
  10. Katz J (Ed.) (2015). Handbook of Clinical Audiology (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
  11. Keefe DH, Bulen JC, Arehart KH, Burns EM (1993). Ear-canal impedance and reflection coefficient in human infants and adults. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 94(5), 2617–2638.
  12. Koebsell KA, Margolis RH (1986). Tympanometric gradient measured from normal preschool children. Audiology, 25(3), 149–157.
  13. Lidén G (1969). The scope and application of current audiometric tests. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 83(6), 507–520.
  14. Margolis RH, Heller JW (1987). Screening tympanometry: criteria for medical referral. Audiology, 26(4), 197–208.
  15. Mukerji S, Windsor AM, Lee DJ (2010). Auditory brainstem circuits that mediate the middle ear muscle reflex. Trends in Amplification, 14(3), 170–191.
  16. Onusko E (2004). Tympanometry. American Family Physician, 70(9), 1713–1720. Link
  17. Terkildsen K, Thomsen KA (1959). The influence of pressure variations on the impedance of the human ear drum. Journal of Laryngology and Otology, 73(7), 409–418.
  18. Walker JJ, Cleveland LM, Davis JL, Seales JS (2023). Audiogram interpretation. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Link

Acknowledgements

Concept and design by Dr Prahlada N.B — Karnataka ENT Hospital and Research Centre (R), Champions Educational and Medical Society (R), and Amogh Foundation, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India.